North Dakota / AIANNHCE 3935 / Federally-recognized area
Spirit Lake
The full tribal profile includes the report map, demographic tables, broadband tables, FCC provider sections, and interactive charts.
94.6%25/3 availability
85.8%100/20 availability
0.0%1000/100 availability
6Fixed providers
Figure 1. Location of Spirit Lake within North Dakota, with boundary detail (inset).
About the Tribal Area
Spans about 390 square miles of land plus roughly 9.8 square miles of water in North Dakota, Spirit Lake Reservation serves as the core reservation for this federally recognized tribe. FCC BDC records show 6 fixed providers and 3 mobile providers across roughly 1,863 service locations, with current availability of 94.6% at 25/3 Mbps, 85.8% at 100/20, and 85.7% at 1000/100.
Tribal Area Description
Located in North Dakota, Spirit Lake is a federally recognized tribe with tribal lands. The land base is relevant for broadband planning due to rural service coverage and middle-mile access constraints.
The Spirit Lake website provides information about tribal government, community services, and local resources. The site includes sections on Central Repository Project, Community Nourishment, Departments, Early Childhood Tracking, and Emergency Management. The homepage currently emphasizes practical information and community updates more than a long historical overview.
Table 1. Demographics
Indicator
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
Population
4,465
4,482
4,096
4,042
3,837
3,835
Households
1,193
1,205
1,032
976
984
1,099
Median age
24.3
25.4
24.1
23.2
23.2
24.1
Male / Female
50.5% / 49.5%
49.7% / 50.3%
50.5% / 49.5%
51.2% / 48.8%
51.5% / 48.5%
51.7% / 48.3%
Avg. household size
3.73
3.71
3.96
4.12
3.89
3.48
Pop. density (per sq mi)
11.5
11.5
10.5
10.4
9.8
9.8
HH density (per sq mi)
3.1
3.1
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.8
Table 2. Economic & Education
Indicator
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
Median household income
$35,054
$37,991
$43,824
$57,500
$66,250
$52,708
Per capita income
$15,122
$16,578
$16,813
$19,329
$21,175
$23,184
Poverty rate
43.8%
42.3%
38.9%
33.9%
26.0%
30.9%
Unemployment rate
8.6%
5.1%
3.9%
1.7%
1.3%
4.7%
HS diploma or higher
58.4%
60.6%
63.7%
64.2%
67.8%
65.8%
Bachelor's degree or higher
11.3%
12.6%
15.8%
16.9%
20.7%
21.3%
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, ACS 5-Year Estimates. Queried by AIANNHCE code. Population and household density are calculated from Census population or households divided by land area in square miles.
Table 3. Download/Upload Speeds (Mbps)
Period
Download
Upload
2019Q1
29.9 Mbps
27.9 Mbps
2019Q2
27.0 Mbps
24.2 Mbps
2019Q3
25.7 Mbps
18.8 Mbps
2019Q4
29.8 Mbps
30.1 Mbps
2020Q1
42.7 Mbps
39.6 Mbps
2020Q2
50.9 Mbps
49.4 Mbps
2020Q3
62.1 Mbps
73.1 Mbps
2020Q4
69.4 Mbps
69.4 Mbps
2021Q1
89.2 Mbps
83.8 Mbps
2021Q2
46.2 Mbps
42.4 Mbps
2021Q3
105.2 Mbps
91.7 Mbps
2021Q4
163.0 Mbps
144.6 Mbps
2022Q1
181.1 Mbps
157.8 Mbps
2022Q2
122.9 Mbps
113.6 Mbps
2022Q3
124.7 Mbps
108.8 Mbps
2022Q4
112.5 Mbps
107.9 Mbps
2023Q1
156.9 Mbps
168.9 Mbps
2023Q2
116.8 Mbps
93.9 Mbps
2023Q3
172.5 Mbps
154.0 Mbps
2023Q4
178.9 Mbps
183.2 Mbps
2024Q1
249.3 Mbps
233.2 Mbps
2024Q2
191.3 Mbps
168.1 Mbps
2024Q3
175.3 Mbps
135.5 Mbps
Table 4. Coverage by Tier (%)
Year
25/3
100/20
1 Gbps
2015
5.8%
5.4%
5.4%
2016
6.4%
6.4%
6.4%
2017
13.5%
13.5%
13.5%
2018
58.4%
58.4%
58.4%
2019
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
2020
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
2021
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
2022
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
2023
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
2024
94.6%
85.8%
0.0%
Table 5. Adoption (%)
Year
All households
Low-income households
2017
33.5%
16.3%
2018
35.6%
22.5%
2019
34.8%
24.6%
2020
44.6%
31.4%
2021
51.6%
32.9%
2022
66.3%
48.9%
2023
71.5%
59.3%
2024
70.7%
64.5%
Table 6. Current Status (2024, %)
Tier
Coverage
25/3 Mbps
94.6%
100/20 Mbps
85.8%
1 Gbps
0.0%
Table 7. Comparison with National Averages (%)
Metric
Tribal
National
25/3 Mbps
94.6%
92%
100/20 Mbps
85.8%
85%
Adoption
70.7%
78%
Sources: FCC Broadband Data Collection, Ookla Open Data Initiative, and U.S. Census Bureau ACS 5-Year Estimates. National benchmarks are carried over from the report comparison section.
Figure 2. Speed Trends (2019–2024)
Figure 3. Availability (2015–2025)
Figure 4. Adoption (2017–2024)
Figure 5. Current Status (2024)
Figure 6. Comparison with National Averages
Figure 7. Fixed Coverage by Technology (25/3 Mbps)
Figure 8. Mobile Area Coverage
Notes: speed trends reflect quarterly mean throughput. Availability shows the share of population with access. Tooltips on the charts expose the underlying values for each series.
Table 8. Broadband Provider Summary
Metric
Value
Fixed broadband providers
6
Mobile broadband providers
3
Broadband serviceable locations
1,863
Table 9. Broadband Providers
Fixed
Mobile
AT&T Inc.
AT&T Inc.
T-Mobile USA, Inc.
T-Mobile USA, Inc.
EchoStar Corporation
Verizon Communications Inc.
North Dakota Telephone Company
—
Verizon Communications Inc.
—
Space Exploration Technologies Corp.
—
Table 10. Fixed Coverage by Technology (% of locations)
Technology
25/3
100/20
250/25
1 Gbps
Any Technology
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
Fiber
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
Cable
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
Fixed Wireless
9.3%
4.5%
0.0%
0.0%
Copper (DSL)
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
Satellite
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
0.0%
Table 11. Mobile Coverage (% of area)
Technology
Coverage
4G LTE
99.1%
5G-NR (Speed Tier 1)
92.6%
5G-NR (Speed Tier 2)
82.5%
Total area (sq mi)
987.282
Table 8. Coverage by Tier and Technology (% of locations)
Dec. 2022
Technology
2/2
10/1
25/3
100/20
250/25
1000/100
All Fixed Wireless
34.1
0.5
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
All Satellite
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
0.0
All Wired
73.5
73.5
73.5
73.5
73.5
73.5
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless
80.5
73.8
73.8
73.5
73.5
73.5
Any Technology
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
73.5
73.5
Any Terrestrial
80.5
73.8
73.8
73.5
73.5
73.5
Cable
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Cable/Fiber
73.5
73.5
73.5
73.5
73.5
73.5
Copper
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Fiber
73.5
73.5
73.5
73.5
73.5
73.5
GSO Satellite
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless
34.1
0.5
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
NGSO Satellite
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
0.0
Other
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
June 2023
Technology
2/2
10/1
25/3
100/20
250/25
1000/100
All Fixed Wireless
6.1
2.3
2.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
All Satellite
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
0.0
All Wired
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
Any Technology
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
90.0
90.0
Any Terrestrial
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
Cable
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Cable/Fiber
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
Copper
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Fiber
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
GSO Satellite
99.9
99.9
99.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless
6.1
2.3
2.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
NGSO Satellite
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
0.0
Other
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Dec. 2023
Technology
2/2
10/1
25/3
100/20
250/25
1000/100
All Fixed Wireless
13.1
6.5
6.5
0.1
0.0
0.0
All Satellite
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
0.0
All Wired
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Any Technology
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Any Terrestrial
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Cable
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Cable/Fiber
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Copper
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Fiber
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
GSO Satellite
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless
13.1
6.5
6.5
0.1
0.0
0.0
NGSO Satellite
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
0.0
Other
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
June 2024
Technology
2/2
10/1
25/3
100/20
250/25
1000/100
All Fixed Wireless
11.1
5.6
5.6
1.4
0.0
0.0
All Satellite
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
0.0
All Wired
88.3
88.3
88.3
88.3
88.3
88.3
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless
88.3
88.3
88.3
88.3
88.3
88.3
Any Technology
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
88.3
88.3
Any Terrestrial
88.3
88.3
88.3
88.3
88.3
88.3
Cable
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Cable/Fiber
88.3
88.3
88.3
88.3
88.3
88.3
Copper
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Fiber
88.3
88.3
88.3
88.3
88.3
88.3
GSO Satellite
55.4
55.4
55.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless
11.1
5.6
5.6
1.4
0.0
0.0
NGSO Satellite
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
0.0
Other
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Dec. 2024
Technology
2/2
10/1
25/3
100/20
250/25
1000/100
All Fixed Wireless
17.1
14.8
14.8
5.9
0.0
0.0
All Satellite
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
0.0
All Wired
87.3
87.3
87.3
87.3
87.3
87.3
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless
87.4
87.4
87.4
87.4
87.3
87.3
Any Technology
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
87.3
87.3
Any Terrestrial
87.4
87.4
87.4
87.4
87.3
87.3
Cable
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Cable/Fiber
87.3
87.3
87.3
87.3
87.3
87.3
Copper
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Fiber
87.3
87.3
87.3
87.3
87.3
87.3
GSO Satellite
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless
17.1
14.8
14.8
5.9
0.0
0.0
NGSO Satellite
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
0.0
Other
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
June 2025
Technology
2/2
10/1
25/3
100/20
250/25
1000/100
All Fixed Wireless
13.3
9.3
9.3
4.5
0.0
0.0
All Satellite
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
All Wired
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Any Technology
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Any Terrestrial
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Cable
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Cable/Fiber
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Copper
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Fiber
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
GSO Satellite
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless
13.3
9.3
9.3
4.5
0.0
0.0
NGSO Satellite
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
Other
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
FCC Broadband Data Collection (BDC), June 2025 filing vintage. Coverage values show the share of residential broadband serviceable locations by technology and speed tier across D22, J23, D23, J24, D24, and J25 filings.
Source: FCC Broadband Data Collection (BDC), June 2025 Filing (J25). Fixed coverage shows the share of residential broadband serviceable locations, and mobile coverage shows the share of tribal land area.