California / AIANNHCE 4500 / Federally-recognized area

Viejas

The full tribal profile includes the report map, demographic tables, broadband tables, FCC provider sections, and interactive charts.

40.0%25/3 availability

38.8%100/20 availability

0.0%1000/100 availability

8Fixed providers

Figure 1. Location of Viejas within California, with boundary detail (inset).

About the Tribal Area

Federally recognized tribe in California, centered on Viejas Reservation, spans about 2.5 square miles. FCC BDC records show 8 fixed providers and 4 mobile providers across roughly 314 service locations, with current availability of 40.0% at 25/3 Mbps, 38.8% at 100/20, and 36.4% at 1000/100.

Tribal Area Description

In California, Viejas has reservation lands managed by a federally recognized tribe. The land base is relevant for broadband planning due to rural service coverage and middle-mile access constraints.

Website Summary: viejasbandofkumeyaay.org

The Viejas Government is founded on a participatory democracy, comprised of two active levels—general council and tribal council. Viejas Community The Viejas Community is rich in history and tradition. Viejas Government The Viejas Band of Kumeyaay Indians is... The Viejas Band of Kumeyaay Indians is a sovereign government recognized by the United States government. The Viejas Community is rich in history and tradition. The Viejas Band of Kumeyaay Indians is a sovereign government. Tribal government officials are elected to four-year terms of office by the general council, which includes all of the band’s voting members. Tribal governments are autonomous entities that conduct responsibilities of that of many governing bodies, with such structures as executive, legislative, and judicial branches. Here you’ll find a wealth of information about our 10,000 year history, customs, traditions, and our modern government and community.

Table 1. Demographics

Indicator	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Population	464	438	430	237	211	204
Households	144	144	128	79	75	67
Median age	22.9	22.9	23.2	33.8	43.4	42.3
Male / Female	40.7% / 59.3%	38.8% / 61.2%	40.5% / 59.5%	48.1% / 51.9%	54.5% / 45.5%	53.9% / 46.1%
Avg. household size	3.22	3.04	3.36	3.00	2.81	3.04
Pop. density (per sq mi)	185.0	174.6	171.4	94.5	84.1	81.3
HH density (per sq mi)	57.4	57.4	51.0	31.5	29.9	26.7

Table 2. Economic & Education

Indicator	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Median household income	$108,750	$113,750	$116,875	$72,321	$71,964	$76,250
Per capita income	$37,060	$38,096	$40,039	$36,316	$39,286	$39,330
Poverty rate	5.0%	3.7%	2.8%	12.2%	17.5%	13.7%
Unemployment rate	3.3%	1.1%	0.0%	5.3%	4.1%	5.3%
HS diploma or higher	67.4%	65.9%	62.0%	57.6%	57.1%	61.3%
Bachelor's degree or higher	26.6%	28.3%	22.4%	6.1%	3.9%	9.2%

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, ACS 5-Year Estimates. Queried by AIANNHCE code. Population and household density are calculated from Census population or households divided by land area in square miles.

Table 3. Download/Upload Speeds (Mbps)

Period	Download	Upload
2019Q1	21.7 Mbps	4.3 Mbps
2019Q2	16.5 Mbps	11.1 Mbps
2019Q3	0.0 Mbps	0.0 Mbps
2019Q4	9.2 Mbps	11.4 Mbps
2020Q1	28.2 Mbps	4.4 Mbps
2020Q2	17.2 Mbps	1.6 Mbps
2020Q3	24.3 Mbps	1.9 Mbps
2020Q4	28.7 Mbps	1.5 Mbps
2021Q1	78.9 Mbps	4.6 Mbps
2021Q2	83.5 Mbps	2.5 Mbps
2021Q3	57.4 Mbps	4.1 Mbps
2021Q4	116.8 Mbps	2.4 Mbps
2022Q1	33.1 Mbps	9.7 Mbps
2022Q2	57.8 Mbps	61.7 Mbps
2022Q3	70.8 Mbps	58.2 Mbps
2022Q4	146.4 Mbps	165.8 Mbps
2023Q1	101.0 Mbps	57.6 Mbps
2023Q2	141.2 Mbps	84.0 Mbps
2023Q3	352.4 Mbps	323.5 Mbps
2023Q4	484.9 Mbps	411.3 Mbps
2024Q1	421.0 Mbps	395.4 Mbps
2024Q2	425.7 Mbps	437.4 Mbps
2024Q3	387.9 Mbps	309.0 Mbps

Table 4. Coverage by Tier (%)

Year	25/3	100/20	1 Gbps
2015	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
2016	5.6%	0.0%	0.0%
2017	61.1%	5.6%	0.0%
2018	61.1%	5.6%	0.0%
2019	78.2%	0.0%	0.0%
2020	81.1%	26.3%	0.0%
2021	58.9%	7.4%	0.0%
2022	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
2023	27.0%	27.0%	0.0%
2024	40.0%	38.8%	0.0%

Table 5. Adoption (%)

Year	All households	Low-income households
2017	25.3%	68.2%
2018	26.9%	45.5%
2019	25.7%	25.0%
2020	25.0%	30.0%
2021	32.0%	12.5%
2022	46.8%	33.3%
2023	42.7%	57.1%
2024	50.7%	87.5%

Table 6. Current Status (2024, %)

Tier	Coverage
25/3 Mbps	40.0%
100/20 Mbps	38.8%
1 Gbps	0.0%

Table 7. Comparison with National Averages (%)

Metric	Tribal	National
25/3 Mbps	40.0%	92%
100/20 Mbps	38.8%	85%
Adoption	50.7%	78%

Sources: FCC Broadband Data Collection, Ookla Open Data Initiative, and U.S. Census Bureau ACS 5-Year Estimates. National benchmarks are carried over from the report comparison section.

Figure 2. Speed Trends (2019–2024)

Figure 3. Availability (2015–2025)

Figure 4. Adoption (2017–2024)

Figure 5. Current Status (2024)

Figure 6. Comparison with National Averages

Figure 7. Fixed Coverage by Technology (25/3 Mbps)

Figure 8. Mobile Area Coverage

Notes: speed trends reflect quarterly mean throughput. Availability shows the share of population with access. Tooltips on the charts expose the underlying values for each series.

Table 8. Broadband Provider Summary

Metric	Value
Fixed broadband providers	8
Mobile broadband providers	4
Broadband serviceable locations	314

Table 9. Broadband Providers

Fixed	Mobile
AT&T Inc.	AT&T Inc.
Cox Communications, Inc.	T-Mobile USA, Inc.
T-Mobile USA, Inc.	Verizon Communications Inc.
EchoStar Corporation	Dish Network Corporation
Verizon Communications Inc.	—
Viasat, Inc.	—
California Internet	—
Space Exploration Technologies Corp.	—

Table 10. Fixed Coverage by Technology (% of locations)

Technology	25/3	100/20	250/25	1 Gbps
Any Technology	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	36.3%
Fiber	36.3%	36.3%	36.3%	36.3%
Cable	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Fixed Wireless	2.5%	2.5%	0.0%	0.0%
Copper (DSL)	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Satellite	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	0.0%

Table 11. Mobile Coverage (% of area)

Technology	Coverage
4G LTE	100.0%
5G-NR (Speed Tier 1)	100.0%
5G-NR (Speed Tier 2)	100.0%
Total area (sq mi)	0.211

Table 8. Coverage by Tier and Technology (% of locations)

Dec. 2022

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3
All Fixed Wireless	60.7	2.9	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0
All Wired	0.5	0.5	0.0
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	60.7	2.9	0.0
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0
Any Terrestrial	60.7	2.9	0.0
Cable	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cable/Fiber	0.0	0.0	0.0
Copper	0.5	0.5	0.0
Fiber	0.0	0.0	0.0
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	60.7	2.9	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	0.0	0.0	0.0

June 2023

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25
All Fixed Wireless	4.2	4.2	3.0	3.0	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
All Wired	25.4	25.4	25.0	25.0	25.0
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	28.0	28.0	27.5	27.5	25.0
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	25.0
Any Terrestrial	28.0	28.0	27.5	27.5	25.0
Cable	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
Cable/Fiber	25.0	25.0	25.0	25.0	25.0
Copper	0.4	0.4	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	24.6	24.6	24.6	24.6	24.6
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	4.2	4.2	3.0	3.0	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0

Dec. 2023

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25
All Fixed Wireless	3.8	3.8	3.8	3.5	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
All Wired	23.3	23.3	22.9	22.9	22.9
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	26.1	26.1	25.8	25.8	22.9
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	22.9
Any Terrestrial	26.1	26.1	25.8	25.8	22.9
Cable	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
Cable/Fiber	22.9	22.9	22.9	22.9	22.9
Copper	0.3	0.3	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	22.6	22.6	22.6	22.6	22.6
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	3.8	3.8	3.8	3.5	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0

June 2024

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25	1000/100
All Fixed Wireless	4.1	4.1	4.1	3.8	0.0	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
All Wired	18.7	18.7	18.4	18.4	18.4	18.1
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	21.3	21.3	20.9	20.6	18.4	18.1
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	18.4	18.1
Any Terrestrial	21.3	21.3	20.9	20.6	18.4	18.1
Cable	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.0
Cable/Fiber	18.4	18.4	18.4	18.4	18.4	18.1
Copper	0.3	0.3	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	18.1	18.1	18.1	18.1	18.1	18.1
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	4.1	4.1	4.1	3.8	0.0	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0

Dec. 2024

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25	1000/100
All Fixed Wireless	4.8	4.8	4.8	3.9	0.0	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
All Wired	35.6	35.6	35.3	35.3	35.3	35.3
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	37.8	37.8	37.5	36.9	35.3	35.3
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	35.3	35.3
Any Terrestrial	37.8	37.8	37.5	36.9	35.3	35.3
Cable	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cable/Fiber	35.3	35.3	35.3	35.3	35.3	35.3
Copper	0.3	0.3	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	35.3	35.3	35.3	35.3	35.3	35.3
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	4.8	4.8	4.8	3.9	0.0	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0

June 2025

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25	1000/100
All Fixed Wireless	3.8	2.5	2.5	2.5	0.0	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
All Wired	36.3	36.3	36.3	36.3	36.3	36.3
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	37.9	37.6	37.6	37.6	36.3	36.3
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	36.3
Any Terrestrial	37.9	37.6	37.6	37.6	36.3	36.3
Cable	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cable/Fiber	36.3	36.3	36.3	36.3	36.3	36.3
Copper	0.3	0.3	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	36.3	36.3	36.3	36.3	36.3	36.3
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	3.8	2.5	2.5	2.5	0.0	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0

FCC Broadband Data Collection (BDC), June 2025 filing vintage. Coverage values show the share of residential broadband serviceable locations by technology and speed tier across D22, J23, D23, J24, D24, and J25 filings.

Source: FCC Broadband Data Collection (BDC), June 2025 Filing (J25). Fixed coverage shows the share of residential broadband serviceable locations, and mobile coverage shows the share of tribal land area.