California / AIANNHCE 1750 / Federally-recognized area

Karuk

The full tribal profile includes the report map, demographic tables, broadband tables, FCC provider sections, and interactive charts.

92.7%25/3 availability

52.8%100/20 availability

0.0%1000/100 availability

13Fixed providers

Figure 1. Location of Karuk within California, with boundary detail (inset).

About the Tribal Area

In California, this federally recognized tribe uses Karuk Reservation as its main reservation, and it spans less than 0.1 square miles. FCC BDC records show 13 fixed providers and 4 mobile providers serving roughly 324 service locations, with current availability of 92.7% at 25/3 Mbps, 52.8% at 100/20, and 44.9% at 1000/100.

Tribal Area Description

A federally recognized tribe in California, Karuk is organized around tribal lands. The land base is relevant for broadband planning due to rural service coverage and middle-mile access constraints.

Website Summary: www.karuk.us

The Karuk Tribe is one of the largest Native American tribes in California, with ancestral lands along the Klamath River in the state’s northwest. Karuk Tribal Newsletter: Public Works & Health Edition. For the fourth year in a row, The Karuk Tribe attended the annual Missing and Murdered Indigenous People’s (MMIP) Policy Summit in the state of California. Our culture is deeply rooted in the river, and we carry forward rich traditions of basketry, ceremonial practices, and environmental stewardship, especially through salmon fishing and cultural burning. These lunches are a great opportunity to enjoy a healthy meal, connect with others, and take part in games and prizes in a welcoming community space. Help restore habitat, remove invasive species, and keep our community beautiful! Tribal Transportation Improvement Plan (TTIP) for tribal roads update.

Table 1. Demographics

Indicator	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Population	554	589	491	498	593	550
Households	218	235	179	177	202	170
Median age	29.1	29.7	30.1	26.8	27.4	27.7
Male / Female	45.5% / 54.5%	46.7% / 53.3%	44.6% / 55.4%	43.0% / 57.0%	44.0% / 56.0%	44.7% / 55.3%
Avg. household size	2.54	2.50	2.73	2.80	2.93	3.22
Pop. density (per sq mi)	21383.5	22734.4	18951.8	19222.0	22888.8	21229.1
HH density (per sq mi)	8414.4	9070.6	6909.1	6831.9	7796.9	6561.7

Table 2. Economic & Education

Indicator	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Median household income	$24,167	$31,597	$33,068	$34,766	$37,500	$38,864
Per capita income	$14,553	$17,590	$17,492	$17,931	$17,007	$17,188
Poverty rate	43.9%	28.6%	20.1%	26.3%	29.2%	22.4%
Unemployment rate	16.2%	11.2%	12.8%	12.6%	17.6%	16.9%
HS diploma or higher	39.5%	43.0%	47.4%	41.7%	46.3%	50.7%
Bachelor's degree or higher	7.2%	8.0%	9.0%	8.9%	7.9%	7.8%

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, ACS 5-Year Estimates. Queried by AIANNHCE code. Population and household density are calculated from Census population or households divided by land area in square miles.

Table 3. Download/Upload Speeds (Mbps)

Period	Download	Upload
2019Q1	10.7 Mbps	6.7 Mbps
2019Q2	13.7 Mbps	10.5 Mbps
2019Q3	22.4 Mbps	8.8 Mbps
2019Q4	22.6 Mbps	8.3 Mbps
2020Q1	29.7 Mbps	8.1 Mbps
2020Q2	28.3 Mbps	7.3 Mbps
2020Q3	19.1 Mbps	7.9 Mbps
2020Q4	46.7 Mbps	11.9 Mbps
2021Q1	45.5 Mbps	15.1 Mbps
2021Q2	80.2 Mbps	29.3 Mbps
2021Q3	83.0 Mbps	33.4 Mbps
2021Q4	116.9 Mbps	16.2 Mbps
2022Q1	131.2 Mbps	30.1 Mbps
2022Q2	130.1 Mbps	13.8 Mbps
2022Q3	165.9 Mbps	21.9 Mbps
2022Q4	59.8 Mbps	13.4 Mbps
2023Q1	104.3 Mbps	31.9 Mbps
2023Q2	164.1 Mbps	127.5 Mbps
2023Q3	128.7 Mbps	70.8 Mbps
2023Q4	64.8 Mbps	18.6 Mbps
2024Q1	150.7 Mbps	43.3 Mbps
2024Q2	211.1 Mbps	70.0 Mbps
2024Q3	171.3 Mbps	32.6 Mbps

Table 4. Coverage by Tier (%)

Year	25/3	100/20	1 Gbps
2015	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
2016	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
2017	65.4%	0.0%	0.0%
2018	83.1%	0.0%	0.0%
2019	95.4%	0.0%	0.0%
2020	100.0%	0.0%	0.0%
2021	95.7%	65.4%	0.0%
2022	91.6%	44.3%	16.0%
2023	92.6%	51.1%	43.8%
2024	92.7%	52.8%	0.0%

Table 5. Adoption (%)

Year	All households	Low-income households
2017	33.0%	46.6%
2018	37.2%	55.2%
2019	43.1%	67.7%
2020	41.3%	53.7%
2021	47.5%	45.9%
2022	53.7%	48.5%
2023	53.5%	61.1%
2024	49.4%	48.1%

Table 6. Current Status (2024, %)

Tier	Coverage
25/3 Mbps	92.7%
100/20 Mbps	52.8%
1 Gbps	0.0%

Table 7. Comparison with National Averages (%)

Metric	Tribal	National
25/3 Mbps	92.7%	92%
100/20 Mbps	52.8%	85%
Adoption	49.4%	78%

Sources: FCC Broadband Data Collection, Ookla Open Data Initiative, and U.S. Census Bureau ACS 5-Year Estimates. National benchmarks are carried over from the report comparison section.

Figure 2. Speed Trends (2019–2024)

Figure 3. Availability (2015–2025)

Figure 4. Adoption (2017–2024)

Figure 5. Current Status (2024)

Figure 6. Comparison with National Averages

Figure 7. Fixed Coverage by Technology (25/3 Mbps)

Figure 8. Mobile Area Coverage

Notes: speed trends reflect quarterly mean throughput. Availability shows the share of population with access. Tooltips on the charts expose the underlying values for each series.

Table 8. Broadband Provider Summary

Metric	Value
Fixed broadband providers	13
Mobile broadband providers	4
Broadband serviceable locations	324

Table 9. Broadband Providers

Fixed	Mobile
EchoStar Corporation	AT&T Inc.
Siskiyou Communications, Inc.	T-Mobile USA, Inc.
Verizon Communications Inc.	Telephone and Data Systems, Inc.
Viasat, Inc.	Verizon Communications Inc.
Karuk Tribe	—
Space Exploration Technologies Corp.	—
AT&T Inc.	—
T-Mobile USA, Inc.	—
Telephone and Data Systems, Inc.	—
LICT Corporation	—
Hunter Communications & Technologies LLC	—
California Internet	—
Vyve Broadband Investments (GTCR)	—

Table 10. Fixed Coverage by Technology (% of locations)

Technology	25/3	100/20	250/25	1 Gbps
Any Technology	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	38.0%
Fiber	38.0%	38.0%	38.0%	38.0%
Cable	29.9%	29.9%	29.9%	0.0%
Fixed Wireless	81.2%	26.2%	0.0%	0.0%
Copper (DSL)	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Satellite	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	0.0%

Table 11. Mobile Coverage (% of area)

Technology	Coverage
4G LTE	52.5%
5G-NR (Speed Tier 1)	27.5%
5G-NR (Speed Tier 2)	27.5%
Total area (sq mi)	4.213

Table 8. Coverage by Tier and Technology (% of locations)

Dec. 2022

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25	1000/100
All Fixed Wireless	88.4	85.7	85.3	0.0	0.0	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
All Wired	57.1	40.6	38.8	38.8	30.4	20.1
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	99.5	96.0	94.2	38.8	30.4	20.1
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	38.8	30.4	20.1
Any Terrestrial	99.5	96.0	94.2	38.8	30.4	20.1
Cable	24.6	24.6	24.6	24.6	24.6	0.0
Cable/Fiber	38.8	38.8	38.8	38.8	30.4	20.1
Copper	33.5	4.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	28.6	28.6	28.6	28.6	20.1	20.1
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	88.4	85.7	85.3	0.0	0.0	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0

June 2023

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25	1000/100
All Fixed Wireless	88.7	86.0	86.0	18.5	0.0	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
All Wired	56.8	41.0	39.2	39.2	39.2	27.9
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	99.1	95.5	93.7	50.0	39.2	27.9
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	39.2	27.9
Any Terrestrial	99.1	95.5	93.7	50.0	39.2	27.9
Cable	26.1	26.1	26.1	26.1	26.1	0.0
Cable/Fiber	39.2	39.2	39.2	39.2	39.2	27.9
Copper	34.2	4.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	27.9	27.9	27.9	27.9	27.9	27.9
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	88.7	86.0	86.0	18.5	0.0	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0

Dec. 2023

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25	1000/100
All Fixed Wireless	86.8	84.8	84.8	0.0	0.0	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
All Wired	60.6	50.0	48.7	48.7	48.7	34.8
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	99.3	96.8	95.5	48.7	48.7	34.8
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	48.7	34.8
Any Terrestrial	99.3	96.8	95.5	48.7	48.7	34.8
Cable	29.7	29.7	29.7	29.7	29.7	0.0
Cable/Fiber	48.7	48.7	48.7	48.7	48.7	34.8
Copper	29.4	2.9	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	34.8	34.8	34.8	34.8	34.8	34.8
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	86.8	84.8	84.8	0.0	0.0	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0

June 2024

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25	1000/100
All Fixed Wireless	86.7	84.8	84.8	0.0	0.0	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
All Wired	62.5	52.1	50.8	50.8	50.8	36.5
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	99.4	96.8	95.6	50.8	50.8	36.5
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	50.8	36.5
Any Terrestrial	99.4	96.8	95.6	50.8	50.8	36.5
Cable	31.1	31.1	31.1	31.1	31.1	0.0
Cable/Fiber	50.8	50.8	50.8	50.8	50.8	36.5
Copper	29.8	2.9	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	36.5	36.5	36.5	36.5	36.5	36.5
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	86.7	84.8	84.8	0.0	0.0	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0

Dec. 2024

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25	1000/100
All Fixed Wireless	86.5	84.6	84.6	0.0	0.0	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
All Wired	63.5	52.2	51.0	51.0	51.0	36.5
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	99.4	96.8	95.5	51.0	51.0	36.5
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	51.0	36.5
Any Terrestrial	99.4	96.8	95.5	51.0	51.0	36.5
Cable	31.4	31.4	31.4	31.4	31.4	0.0
Cable/Fiber	51.0	51.0	51.0	51.0	51.0	36.5
Copper	30.8	2.9	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	36.5	36.5	36.5	36.5	36.5	36.5
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	86.5	84.6	84.6	0.0	0.0	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0

June 2025

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25	1000/100
All Fixed Wireless	83.3	81.2	81.2	26.2	0.0	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
All Wired	63.9	52.8	51.5	51.5	51.5	38.0
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	99.4	95.7	94.4	64.8	51.5	38.0
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	38.0
Any Terrestrial	99.4	95.7	94.4	64.8	51.5	38.0
Cable	29.9	29.9	29.9	29.9	29.9	0.0
Cable/Fiber	51.5	51.5	51.5	51.5	51.5	38.0
Copper	29.9	2.8	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	38.0	38.0	38.0	38.0	38.0	38.0
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	83.3	81.2	81.2	26.2	0.0	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0

FCC Broadband Data Collection (BDC), June 2025 filing vintage. Coverage values show the share of residential broadband serviceable locations by technology and speed tier across D22, J23, D23, J24, D24, and J25 filings.

Source: FCC Broadband Data Collection (BDC), June 2025 Filing (J25). Fixed coverage shows the share of residential broadband serviceable locations, and mobile coverage shows the share of tribal land area.