California / AIANNHCE 1490 / Federally-recognized area

Hoopa Valley

The full tribal profile includes the report map, demographic tables, broadband tables, FCC provider sections, and interactive charts.

74.1%25/3 availability

1.5%100/20 availability

0.0%1000/100 availability

8Fixed providers

Figure 1. Location of Hoopa Valley within California, with boundary detail (inset).

About the Tribal Area

In California, this federally recognized tribe uses Hoopa Valley Reservation as its main reservation, and it spans about 141 square miles. FCC BDC records show 8 fixed providers and 4 mobile providers serving roughly 768 service locations, with current availability of 74.1% at 25/3 Mbps, 1.5% at 100/20, and 1.2% at 1000/100.

Tribal Area Description

A federally recognized tribe in California, Hoopa Valley is organized around tribal lands. A Northern California tribe basket weaving, salmon fishing, and connection to the Trinity River.

Website Summary: www.hoopa-nsn.gov

Through cooperation and collaboration with Federal, State, and local governments, we work to strengthen our community, uphold our values, and ensure a prosperous and healthy future for all members of the Hoopa Valley Tribe. We, the Hoopa Valley Tribe, are a Tribal Government dedicated to protecting and promoting the interests, rights, and well-being of the Hoopa Valley people. Hoopa Valley Tribe Announces Community Support Services and Safety Updates Following Recent Incident. We strive to preserve our sovereignty, culture, traditions, and natural resources while fostering sustainable growth, educational opportunities, and economic development for future generations. C. to Advocate for Education & Health Funding A familiar sight returns to Bald Hill Hoopa Four Community Improvement Projects... Rebuild What Was Lost: The Bald Hill Cross Restoration.

Table 1. Demographics

Indicator	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Population	3,263	3,348	2,959	2,503	2,287	2,248
Households	1,062	1,030	847	737	687	711
Median age	30.2	36.7	30.4	33.8	31.5	31.7
Male / Female	43.4% / 56.6%	45.1% / 54.9%	40.9% / 59.1%	43.5% / 56.5%	44.8% / 55.2%	47.0% / 53.0%
Avg. household size	3.05	3.22	3.46	3.36	3.30	3.14
Pop. density (per sq mi)	23.2	23.8	21.0	17.8	16.3	16.0
HH density (per sq mi)	7.5	7.3	6.0	5.2	4.9	5.0

Table 2. Economic & Education

Indicator	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Median household income	$37,222	$29,615	$42,361	$55,583	$54,306	$68,958
Per capita income	$15,634	$15,736	$17,740	$21,543	$22,923	$26,465
Poverty rate	35.9%	34.3%	32.4%	28.3%	28.1%	21.4%
Unemployment rate	8.8%	9.5%	11.5%	17.8%	14.6%	11.6%
HS diploma or higher	56.0%	63.3%	65.9%	63.4%	59.1%	61.0%
Bachelor's degree or higher	17.1%	15.5%	19.4%	16.6%	15.6%	18.1%

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, ACS 5-Year Estimates. Queried by AIANNHCE code. Population and household density are calculated from Census population or households divided by land area in square miles.

Table 3. Download/Upload Speeds (Mbps)

Period	Download	Upload
2019Q1	2.7 Mbps	1.2 Mbps
2019Q2	5.1 Mbps	1.1 Mbps
2019Q3	4.7 Mbps	0.7 Mbps
2019Q4	5.5 Mbps	3.6 Mbps
2020Q1	13.8 Mbps	5.2 Mbps
2020Q2	3.2 Mbps	1.9 Mbps
2020Q3	3.4 Mbps	2.3 Mbps
2020Q4	2.7 Mbps	2.1 Mbps
2021Q1	30.3 Mbps	4.5 Mbps
2021Q2	28.0 Mbps	4.3 Mbps
2021Q3	34.7 Mbps	6.9 Mbps
2021Q4	84.9 Mbps	10.0 Mbps
2022Q1	84.5 Mbps	8.9 Mbps
2022Q2	61.7 Mbps	9.5 Mbps
2022Q3	72.2 Mbps	12.5 Mbps
2022Q4	81.0 Mbps	11.4 Mbps
2023Q1	29.7 Mbps	7.1 Mbps
2023Q2	69.3 Mbps	11.0 Mbps
2023Q3	66.0 Mbps	51.9 Mbps
2023Q4	55.5 Mbps	10.8 Mbps
2024Q1	85.0 Mbps	37.5 Mbps
2024Q2	102.4 Mbps	25.6 Mbps
2024Q3	105.9 Mbps	26.2 Mbps

Table 4. Coverage by Tier (%)

Year	25/3	100/20	1 Gbps
2015	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
2016	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
2017	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
2018	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
2019	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
2020	96.7%	0.0%	0.0%
2021	98.9%	0.7%	0.7%
2022	2.8%	2.8%	0.6%
2023	59.9%	1.4%	1.4%
2024	74.1%	1.5%	0.0%

Table 5. Adoption (%)

Year	All households	Low-income households
2017	15.2%	14.8%
2018	13.9%	17.6%
2019	12.3%	38.9%
2020	9.0%	42.9%
2021	17.9%	68.9%
2022	17.9%	54.6%
2023	19.8%	51.2%
2024	21.5%	47.7%

Table 6. Current Status (2024, %)

Tier	Coverage
25/3 Mbps	74.1%
100/20 Mbps	1.5%
1 Gbps	0.0%

Table 7. Comparison with National Averages (%)

Metric	Tribal	National
25/3 Mbps	74.1%	92%
100/20 Mbps	1.5%	85%
Adoption	21.5%	78%

Sources: FCC Broadband Data Collection, Ookla Open Data Initiative, and U.S. Census Bureau ACS 5-Year Estimates. National benchmarks are carried over from the report comparison section.

Figure 2. Speed Trends (2019–2024)

Figure 3. Availability (2015–2025)

Figure 4. Adoption (2017–2024)

Figure 5. Current Status (2024)

Figure 6. Comparison with National Averages

Figure 7. Fixed Coverage by Technology (25/3 Mbps)

Figure 8. Mobile Area Coverage

Notes: speed trends reflect quarterly mean throughput. Availability shows the share of population with access. Tooltips on the charts expose the underlying values for each series.

Table 8. Broadband Provider Summary

Metric	Value
Fixed broadband providers	8
Mobile broadband providers	4
Broadband serviceable locations	768

Table 9. Broadband Providers

Fixed	Mobile
T-Mobile USA, Inc.	AT&T Inc.
EchoStar Corporation	T-Mobile USA, Inc.
Verizon Communications Inc.	Telephone and Data Systems, Inc.
Viasat, Inc.	Verizon Communications Inc.
Hunter Communications & Technologies LLC	—
California Internet	—
Velocity Communications, Inc.	—
Space Exploration Technologies Corp.	—

Table 10. Fixed Coverage by Technology (% of locations)

Technology	25/3	100/20	250/25	1 Gbps
Any Technology	100.0%	97.5%	96.9%	1.4%
Fiber	1.4%	1.4%	1.4%	1.4%
Cable	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Fixed Wireless	81.8%	81.6%	0.0%	0.0%
Copper (DSL)	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Satellite	100.0%	96.9%	96.9%	0.0%

Table 11. Mobile Coverage (% of area)

Technology	Coverage
4G LTE	53.0%
5G-NR (Speed Tier 1)	28.1%
5G-NR (Speed Tier 2)	20.8%
Total area (sq mi)	373.088

Table 8. Coverage by Tier and Technology (% of locations)

Dec. 2022

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25	1000/100
All Fixed Wireless	90.1	85.8	85.8	1.2	0.0	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
All Wired	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	40.6	1.5	1.5	1.5	0.3	0.3
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	1.5	0.3	0.3
Any Terrestrial	90.1	85.8	85.8	1.5	0.3	0.3
Cable	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cable/Fiber	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
Copper	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	40.3	1.2	1.2	1.2	0.0	0.0
NGSO Satellite	96.5	96.5	96.5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	85.8	85.8	85.8	0.0	0.0	0.0

June 2023

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25	1000/100
All Fixed Wireless	83.7	83.7	83.7	0.0	0.0	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	96.9	0.0	0.0
All Wired	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	0.9	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	96.9	0.6	0.6
Any Terrestrial	83.7	83.7	83.7	0.6	0.6	0.6
Cable	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cable/Fiber	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6
Copper	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	0.3	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
NGSO Satellite	96.9	96.9	96.9	96.9	0.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	83.7	83.7	83.7	0.0	0.0	0.0

Dec. 2023

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25	1000/100
All Fixed Wireless	82.8	82.8	82.8	0.0	0.0	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	96.6	0.0	0.0
All Wired	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.4
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	1.7	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.4
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	96.6	1.4	1.4
Any Terrestrial	82.8	82.8	82.8	1.4	1.4	1.4
Cable	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cable/Fiber	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.4
Copper	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.4
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	0.3	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
NGSO Satellite	96.6	96.6	96.6	96.6	0.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	82.8	82.8	82.8	0.0	0.0	0.0

June 2024

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25	1000/100
All Fixed Wireless	82.0	81.0	81.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	96.9	0.0	0.0
All Wired	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.1
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	9.7	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.1
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	96.9	1.1	1.1
Any Terrestrial	82.0	81.0	81.0	1.1	1.1	1.1
Cable	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cable/Fiber	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.1
Copper	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.1
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	8.6	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
NGSO Satellite	96.9	96.9	96.9	96.9	0.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	81.0	81.0	81.0	0.0	0.0	0.0

Dec. 2024

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25	1000/100
All Fixed Wireless	85.6	84.2	84.2	81.9	0.0	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	96.9	0.0	0.0
All Wired	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.1
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	85.3	84.0	84.0	81.9	1.1	1.1
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	97.6	1.1	1.1
Any Terrestrial	85.6	84.2	84.2	81.9	1.1	1.1
Cable	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cable/Fiber	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.1
Copper	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.1
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	85.3	84.0	84.0	81.9	0.0	0.0
NGSO Satellite	96.9	96.9	96.9	96.9	0.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	81.3	81.3	81.3	0.0	0.0	0.0

June 2025

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25	1000/100
All Fixed Wireless	83.5	81.8	81.8	81.6	0.0	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	96.9	96.9	0.0
All Wired	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.4
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	83.3	81.6	81.6	81.6	1.4	1.4
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	97.5	96.9	1.4
Any Terrestrial	83.5	81.8	81.8	81.6	1.4	1.4
Cable	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cable/Fiber	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.4
Copper	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.4
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	83.3	81.6	81.6	81.6	0.0	0.0
NGSO Satellite	96.9	96.9	96.9	96.9	96.9	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	80.9	80.9	80.9	0.0	0.0	0.0

FCC Broadband Data Collection (BDC), June 2025 filing vintage. Coverage values show the share of residential broadband serviceable locations by technology and speed tier across D22, J23, D23, J24, D24, and J25 filings.

Source: FCC Broadband Data Collection (BDC), June 2025 Filing (J25). Fixed coverage shows the share of residential broadband serviceable locations, and mobile coverage shows the share of tribal land area.