California / AIANNHCE 0155 / Federally-recognized area

Barona

The full tribal profile includes the report map, demographic tables, broadband tables, FCC provider sections, and interactive charts.

11.3%25/3 availability

11.1%100/20 availability

0.0%1000/100 availability

9Fixed providers

Figure 1. Location of Barona within California, with boundary detail (inset).

About the Tribal Area

Federally recognized tribe in California, centered on Barona Reservation, spans about 9.5 square miles. FCC BDC records show 9 fixed providers and 4 mobile providers across roughly 7 service locations, with current availability of 11.3% at 25/3 Mbps, and 11.1% at 100/20.

Tribal Area Description

In California, Barona has tribal lands managed by a federally recognized tribe. The land base is relevant for broadband planning due to rural service coverage and middle-mile access constraints.

Website Summary: www.barona-nsn.gov

Established in 1932, the Barona Indian Reservation is home to this regal tribe, which is recognized by the United States government as a sovereign nation, and is governed by an elected Tribal Council. In the Tribe's continual efforts to preserve their culture, the reservation is also home to the Barona Cultural Center & Museum, a unique hands-on educational museum. The BBMI Tribal Government Offices are located at 1095 Barona Road, off of Wildcat Canyon Road, approximately one mile from the Barona Resort & Casino. The members of the Barona Tribal Enforcement Detail strive to provide the best possible public safety services to the Barona Tribal Community as well as to the visitors that visit our Tribal Land. A strong and supportive community, the Barona Tribe is proud of its independence and self-reliance.

Table 1. Demographics

Indicator	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Population	728	727	678	536	514	485
Households	225	208	191	162	148	142
Median age	30.3	30.5	33.0	39.4	37.6	39.2
Male / Female	53.4% / 46.6%	53.9% / 46.1%	54.3% / 45.7%	51.3% / 48.7%	45.3% / 54.7%	47.0% / 53.0%
Avg. household size	3.24	3.50	3.55	3.31	3.47	3.42
Pop. density (per sq mi)	62.6	62.5	58.3	46.1	44.2	41.7
HH density (per sq mi)	19.4	17.9	16.4	13.9	12.7	12.2

Table 2. Economic & Education

Indicator	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Median household income	$142,083	$141,250	$151,607	$148,750	$125,833	$108,750
Per capita income	$49,694	$48,747	$47,246	$52,734	$44,069	$43,214
Poverty rate	16.4%	15.4%	13.0%	10.1%	18.3%	21.6%
Unemployment rate	9.2%	8.1%	6.5%	16.7%	16.5%	20.3%
HS diploma or higher	56.0%	56.7%	54.3%	56.3%	60.5%	60.2%
Bachelor's degree or higher	6.5%	7.4%	7.3%	10.6%	15.4%	17.1%

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, ACS 5-Year Estimates. Queried by AIANNHCE code. Population and household density are calculated from Census population or households divided by land area in square miles.

Table 3. Download/Upload Speeds (Mbps)

Period	Download	Upload
2019Q1	49.6 Mbps	57.4 Mbps
2019Q2	57.8 Mbps	70.1 Mbps
2019Q3	55.5 Mbps	41.5 Mbps
2019Q4	55.2 Mbps	9.3 Mbps
2020Q1	71.2 Mbps	11.7 Mbps
2020Q2	49.4 Mbps	9.9 Mbps
2020Q3	80.8 Mbps	9.5 Mbps
2020Q4	34.6 Mbps	5.4 Mbps
2021Q1	18.4 Mbps	3.5 Mbps
2021Q2	33.3 Mbps	3.9 Mbps
2021Q3	34.8 Mbps	5.7 Mbps
2021Q4	117.1 Mbps	13.0 Mbps
2022Q1	26.9 Mbps	3.1 Mbps
2022Q2	72.0 Mbps	6.3 Mbps
2022Q3	112.8 Mbps	12.0 Mbps
2022Q4	167.1 Mbps	11.1 Mbps
2023Q1	58.6 Mbps	12.7 Mbps
2023Q2	127.5 Mbps	17.6 Mbps
2023Q3	155.4 Mbps	25.0 Mbps
2023Q4	252.6 Mbps	50.3 Mbps
2024Q1	103.7 Mbps	19.6 Mbps
2024Q2	194.1 Mbps	28.3 Mbps
2024Q3	146.2 Mbps	30.9 Mbps

Table 4. Coverage by Tier (%)

Year	25/3	100/20	1 Gbps
2015	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
2016	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
2017	100.0%	100.0%	0.0%
2018	100.0%	100.0%	0.0%
2019	100.0%	100.0%	0.0%
2020	100.0%	100.0%	0.0%
2021	100.0%	100.0%	0.0%
2022	37.9%	22.6%	0.0%
2023	10.3%	8.9%	0.0%
2024	11.3%	11.1%	0.0%

Table 5. Adoption (%)

Year	All households	Low-income households
2017	29.8%	72.2%
2018	31.9%	62.5%
2019	32.4%	74.2%
2020	32.2%	81.5%
2021	36.6%	50.0%
2022	43.2%	30.8%
2023	39.2%	60.0%
2024	35.2%	82.4%

Table 6. Current Status (2024, %)

Tier	Coverage
25/3 Mbps	11.3%
100/20 Mbps	11.1%
1 Gbps	0.0%

Table 7. Comparison with National Averages (%)

Metric	Tribal	National
25/3 Mbps	11.3%	92%
100/20 Mbps	11.1%	85%
Adoption	35.2%	78%

Sources: FCC Broadband Data Collection, Ookla Open Data Initiative, and U.S. Census Bureau ACS 5-Year Estimates. National benchmarks are carried over from the report comparison section.

Figure 2. Speed Trends (2019–2024)

Figure 3. Availability (2015–2025)

Figure 4. Adoption (2017–2024)

Figure 5. Current Status (2024)

Figure 6. Comparison with National Averages

Figure 7. Fixed Coverage by Technology (25/3 Mbps)

Figure 8. Mobile Area Coverage

Notes: speed trends reflect quarterly mean throughput. Availability shows the share of population with access. Tooltips on the charts expose the underlying values for each series.

Table 8. Broadband Provider Summary

Metric	Value
Fixed broadband providers	9
Mobile broadband providers	4
Broadband serviceable locations	7

Table 9. Broadband Providers

Fixed	Mobile
AT&T Inc.	AT&T Inc.
Cox Communications, Inc.	T-Mobile USA, Inc.
T-Mobile USA, Inc.	Verizon Communications Inc.
EchoStar Corporation	Dish Network Corporation
Verizon Communications Inc.	—
San Diego Broadband	—
Viasat, Inc.	—
Canyon Wireless	—
Space Exploration Technologies Corp.	—

Table 10. Fixed Coverage by Technology (% of locations)

Technology	25/3	100/20	250/25	1 Gbps
Any Technology	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	0.0%
Fiber	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Cable	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Fixed Wireless	71.4%	71.4%	0.0%	0.0%
Copper (DSL)	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Satellite	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	0.0%

Table 11. Mobile Coverage (% of area)

Technology	Coverage
4G LTE	86.0%
5G-NR (Speed Tier 1)	70.0%
5G-NR (Speed Tier 2)	50.0%
Total area (sq mi)	5.267

Table 8. Coverage by Tier and Technology (% of locations)

Dec. 2022

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25
All Fixed Wireless	85.8	34.1	34.1	17.8	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
All Wired	1.7	1.7	1.7	1.7	1.7
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	85.8	34.6	34.6	19.5	1.7
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	19.5	1.7
Any Terrestrial	85.8	35.2	35.2	19.5	1.7
Cable	1.7	1.7	1.7	1.7	1.7
Cable/Fiber	1.7	1.7	1.7	1.7	1.7
Copper	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	85.8	33.2	33.2	17.8	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	1.7	1.7	1.7	0.0	0.0

June 2023

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25
All Fixed Wireless	9.4	8.8	8.8	6.4	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
All Wired	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	8.6	8.0	8.0	6.7	0.3
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.3
Any Terrestrial	9.7	9.1	9.1	6.7	0.3
Cable	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
Cable/Fiber	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
Copper	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	8.3	7.8	7.8	6.4	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	2.1	2.1	2.1	0.0	0.0

Dec. 2023

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25
All Fixed Wireless	11.7	11.5	11.5	9.8	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
All Wired	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.9
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	11.7	11.5	11.5	10.4	0.9
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.9
Any Terrestrial	12.4	12.2	12.2	10.4	0.9
Cable	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.9
Cable/Fiber	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.9
Copper	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	11.1	10.9	10.9	9.8	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	1.3	1.3	1.3	0.0	0.0

June 2024

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25
All Fixed Wireless	11.4	11.4	11.4	10.1	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
All Wired	6.7	6.7	6.7	6.7	6.7
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	15.1	15.1	15.1	14.4	6.7
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	6.7
Any Terrestrial	15.7	15.7	15.7	14.4	6.7
Cable	6.7	6.7	6.7	6.7	6.7
Cable/Fiber	6.7	6.7	6.7	6.7	6.7
Copper	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	10.8	10.8	10.8	10.1	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	1.3	1.3	1.3	0.0	0.0

Dec. 2024

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25
All Fixed Wireless	13.3	13.1	13.1	12.3	0.6
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
All Wired	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	12.5	12.1	12.1	11.9	0.2
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.8
Any Terrestrial	13.5	13.3	13.3	12.5	0.8
Cable	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cable/Fiber	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Copper	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	12.3	11.9	11.9	11.7	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	1.8	1.8	1.8	0.6	0.6

June 2025

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25
All Fixed Wireless	16.4	16.4	16.4	15.4	0.6
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
All Wired	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	15.8	15.6	15.6	15.2	0.2
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Any Terrestrial	16.6	16.6	16.6	15.6	0.8
Cable	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cable/Fiber	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Copper	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	15.6	15.4	15.4	15.0	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	1.8	1.8	1.8	0.6	0.6

FCC Broadband Data Collection (BDC), June 2025 filing vintage. Coverage values show the share of residential broadband serviceable locations by technology and speed tier across D22, J23, D23, J24, D24, and J25 filings.

Source: FCC Broadband Data Collection (BDC), June 2025 Filing (J25). Fixed coverage shows the share of residential broadband serviceable locations, and mobile coverage shows the share of tribal land area.